The Neuropsychology Korsakoff Syndrome Psychology Essay

The Neuropsychology Korsakoff Syndrome Psychology Essay This study is investigating on a specific patient (Mr C) whos suffering from Korsakoff syndrome. In this report, the case study indicates mainly to memory deficiency. The sequence of events in this case study is used to show the possibilities of side effects of chronic alcohol abuse which is also known as Korsakoff syndrome. The literature review introduces the medical model of Korsakoff syndrome that is presented with particular attention that has a link to anterograde and retrograde amnesia. A variety of memory tests were set for the patient in order to provide more reliable diagnosis. The results from different studies were compared to the normative brain and Korsakoff patients to see the similarity. Furthermore, after the results were undertaken the results shown a variety of scores which indicated that the patient needed further treatments. Lastly, suggestions for prevention and treatments damages that the patient may have will be presented. Introduction Indicating to Mr Cs case study, the patient may have developed Korsakoff syndrome. Korsakoff syndrome is associated with Diencephalic Amnesia which is seen as neurological disease. Patients that are experiencing this condition are highly related to heavy alcohol consumptions over a very long period (Butterworth, 1989). Heavy alcohol is a public health problem with almost one in four people in the UK reporting having had this problem at some point in their lives (Kessler, 1994). This study is based on Korsakoff syndrome thats caused by alcohol related issue which Mr C has clearly been taking nearly half of his life due to going downhill during some time (Appendix 1). This is the reason patients may lead to obtaining the syndrome. This is based on biological evidence that heavy alcohol consumption may lead to thiamine deficiency which affects the brain and the nervous systems. People who drink excessive amount of alcohol may damage important area part within the brain, resulting serve short term memory loss where the patient constantly asks the same questions and repeats the same stories (Sergei Korsakoff, 1879). Many heavy drinkers have poor dieting problems which their body doesnt contain much vitamins, due to the fact that alcoholics spend time trying to replace high calories food with alcohol. This can cause a lot of complications in the patients body as the intestinal mucosa could be damaged by the alcohol which can lead to make it difficult for the liver to store vitamins. Alcohol plays a role that interferes with the change of thiamine into the active form of vitamin which is known as thiamine pyrophosphate. Korsakoff syndrome inflames the stomach lining in your body that causes frequent vomiting, and m ake it harder for the body to absorb the main vitamins. Thiamine deficiency is a clear sign of the development of Korsakoff syndrome. (Moselhy, Georgiou, Kahn, 2001). However, due to the biological evidence there are many symptoms that may appear suddenly within few days. The patients that have normal IQs are alert and attentive, appear motivated, and generally lack other neurological signs of cerebral deficits such as abnormal EEGs. Most patients with Korsakoff syndrome have a deficit in visual-perception. Mr C has the same symptoms that occur in Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (1881). Although Sergei Korsakoff (1879) didnt take any notice to Wernickes work, he mentioned the existence of several of the same type of symptoms in his patients (Gudden, 1896). Wernicke suggested that mental confusion and eye movement disturbances were the primary symptoms and the first stage of Korsakoff Syndrome. As there is a strong indication of Korsakoff syndrome, the patients behaviour and symptoms has a big impact in the patients lifestyle. Change in personality (become unconcerned, lacking of emotional reactions, talkative etc), confabulation (makeup information they cant remember), loss of muscle co-ordination when the patients balance is weak, memory loss (unable to recall information), and difficulty in obtaining new information or learning new skills (amnesia). (Spear, 2002). In addition, there are two types of well known form of amnesia (anterograde and retrograde) that play a role in Korsakoff syndrome which encounter chronic alcohol. Alcohol has shown various affective memory levels including semantic, prospective, explicit, episodic and implicit (Fama, 2006, dYdewalle Van Damme, 2007). Problems with the patients short term memory are a strong sign of support to the patients having Korsakoff syndrome due to the characteristic of the syndrome being severe and having memory loss which is a type of amnesia. The episodic and semantic memory of a patient with Korsakoff syndrome is the most affected characteristic, episodic refers to events from the persons past (going back in time) and semantic memories deal with knowledge of facts, language and concepts. In the terms of the retrograde memory, there are many tests that can measure the aspects of memory used by significant events which had happened during the past year of the patients life. Remote Memory Impairment calculates the patients past history; its a multiple choice questions test thats applied. This test measures if the patient can remember the past events that have occurred in their life. The questions are given to recall there memory and testing there memory stage of their life for example about time and place of their birth, age, names of schools they attended, etc. (Cohen Sqauire, 1981). As for anterograde memory, is a different memory aspect to the retrograde test. There is a different Remote Memory Impairment test that would be given to patients which measures there memory on recalling famous faces and words. Patients will be assessed on; famous face recognition, identification and naming, and famous name recognition and identification. Overall the results will show an indication to a minimal outline of preserved remote memory with evidence of an association between remote memory performance and decision making functioning in the patients brain. (Albert, 1981). Furthermore assessments can be also applied for the patients who are suffering from Korsakoff syndrome. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) can be applied which is quiet common, to assess the patients intelligence; it measures the verbal and nonverbal abilities of adults. The assessment has been revised over the recent years the person scoring it would look to see if there are any differences between the verbal and non verbal sections. If there is any big difference between the two sections will indicate to learning problem. (David Wechsler, 1955). The aim of this study that is going to be carried out by several tests, the patient is experiencing through mental deficits from Korsakoff syndrome. A small amount of tests will be given to the patient to see if the symptoms displayed by the patient are the same as the symptoms of someone who is suffering from Korsakoff syndrome. Overall, if the patient is found with any complications regarding any condition, further action and preventions measures will be recommended to improve the patients lifestyle. Method Design- This experiment is a case study base (Appendix 1). Participants-Mr C, as an only one patient that is being assessed in this study, the participant is one perceived to be suffering from Korsakoff syndrome, which displays many symptoms related to his case study (Appendix 1). Materials- the tests that are going to be taking place are; Remote memory assessments- Famous faces test- have to indentify 150 photographs of famous people (anterograde amnesia) Past event test- multiple choice test, 88 events questions (retrograde amnesia). Weschler Adult intelligence scale (WAIS) Working memory index; Arithmetic, Digit span and Letter-Number Sequencing. California Verbal Learning (CVLT) Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)- assessment of memory function, supplementary memory questions should be asked, e.g. about recent news, family or personal events. Implementation- These tests are being used on the patient due to find out if the patient has any mental deficits issues and any complications he might have in his everyday life. Before taking the tests, the patient will be required to be sober from alcohol for a period of time, to ensure that there were no effects which might cause cognitive issues on the results. Results from all the tests as described in the material section are compared to similar case studies that have been diagnosed with Korsakoff syndrome as well as a healthy normative control group. It will be compared between both group controls to provide rationale of the patients conditions. Results Source (tests) Normative Korsakoff patient Control Indentify famous faces (anterograde amnesia) 41 15 38.1 88 multiple choice questions on past events (retrograde amnesia) 70 46 41.1 Working memory index (WAIS) 108 56.7 55 California Verbal Learning (CVLT) 13 2 12 Memory Scale (WMS) 32 12 26 The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) 24 2.6 3.1 Findings; the patients with Korsakoff syndrome have diencephalic lesions indentified. Remote memory assessment Indentify famous faces (anterograde amnesia)- The famous faces identification assessment clearly shows the patients performance appeared to be weak which the patient scored 15, compared to the normative scoring 41. This may be due to primarily to loss of semantic knowledge regarding famous persons. Multiple choice questions on past events (retrograde amnesia)- patient has shown similar remote memory impairment in Korsakoff syndrome might reflect to anterograde amnesia. Mr C may be going through nerve breakdown. Working memory index (WAIS) the results show the Korsakoff patient impairment within the episodic and working memory. the control and Korsakoff scoring has displayed similar scorings of episodic and working memory deficits. this shows similar patterns of brain damage compared to the normative score. the technique was overall was found not to be significant. California Verbal Learning (CVLT) the recalling tests showed the patients Memory Scale (WMS) the patient scoring was not significant which shows in the results of 12, the results shows the control scoring were higher than the patients score. Mini mental state examination The test that was undertaken by the patients was used to screen for cognitive impairment to help to screen for global confusion which Mr C has. the scores show he defiantly has memory disorder if you see the comparison to the normative scoring of 24 and the patients scoring shows 2.6 which is really low. it has shows that he failed the MMSE recall item. the results has clearly displayed impairments of episodic memory, recollection, contextual memory and retrieval. Discussion Based on the overall results, there is a strong indication that Mr C has Korsakoff syndrome. The patients test performances show that there are impairments in memory in Mr C compared to the normative results. The results showed a clear evidence for the typical mental deficits associated with Korsakoff syndrome. Furthermore, to help the patient to overcome the symptoms there should be a variety of techniques which could be used to try to reduce the symptoms that the patient is experiencing, which may be based on therapies which have shown positive beneficial to the condition. To minimise the symptoms there are types of medical drugs that could be given to the patient in order to help them reduce the side effects of mental deficits that the patient may be going through due to Korsakoff syndrome. Due to Mr C vomiting he will need to take IV Thiamine drinking plenty water right away, even though the improvement is a slow process he will need to change his diet along with it. This is found to give improvements in the memory deficits that may have caused by the condition particularly if the patient who have memory deficits due to alcohol. Likewise, if the patient wouldnt like to take any medication they will have to change their diet. This might be the prevention that caused nerve damage to the patient which has stated above its due to thiamine deficiency. Healthy lifestyle includes drinking alcohol only within a safe recommendation amount (up to 3-4 units a day for men, and 2-3 units a day for women). Eating a balance will help the patient by eating, whole grain, vegetables and wheat which may lead to preventing further memory loss (Hillbom, 2006); it could improve memory, cognitive impairment and confusion in Korsakoff patients. In addition, the most effective method of preventing Korsakoff syndrome is to avoid vitamin/thiamine B deficiency. In the western countries, the most common causes of mental deficits are due to extreme alcohol and weight disorders. Thus, requiring preventing this companies that sell alcoholic beverages to supplement them with B vitamin/thiamine would avoid many cases of Korsakoff. In conclusion, the patient has shown to have Korsakoff syndrome which he had a sufficient amount of memory deficits within himself that show adequate evidence of Korsakoff syndrome. This report shows describes the most effective and practical way of controlling the condition at the present time and providing improvements to the patients lifestyle, it leads to variety of assessments. Further Still, there are several criticism associated with memory assessments which have been used in this study, it may not be utterly reliable to diagnose the patient, therefore it may be wise to administer further testing on the patient throughout their life to make sure the he is accurately diagnosed of the conditions. It is very often falls to the psychiatrist to coordinate care for the patients, a psychiatrist is highly recommended for Mr C to follow-up, arrange placement, and assess further tests when necessary. GP will be there supporting the patients and families. Long-term outcomes have been studied previous patients are reported to have a normal life expectancy if they remain sober from alcohol (Leenane, 1986).

Online Harassment & and Cyber Mobs Essay

Cyberbullying, we have all heard of it and most of us have even experienced it in some way or another. There is no doubt, that being deliberately harassed in hostile manners on the Internet can have fatal consequences for the victims. And fatal consequences were exactly what the 15-year-old Amanda Todd suffered. After various sorts of cyberbullying, Amanda Todd was broken down to her cores and on October 10 2012 she committed suicide. Amanda Todd became world famous for a YouTube video, where she exposed all of the different kinds of online harassment that she had been through. More or less the same thing happened to Anita Sarkeesian. Anita launched an online fundraising campaign, to create awareness of how female characters are portrayed as sexual stereotypes in videogames. Unfortunately, Anita did not only launch a campaign, but also the beginning of a time with harsh online harassment against herself, from people who disagreed with her project. Anita is now a major voice when it c omes to stopping the harassment of women on the Internet, which she proved in a speech at the TEDxWomen event in 2012. It is indisputable that Anita Sarkeesian has been through many negatively affected emotions when she was harassed on the Internet, and she is not afraid to let the audience know how it was like. She is of course using pathos to awaken the audience’s feelings, in order for her to get them on her side. Already in the beginning of the speech, she reaches for the audience’s emotions: â€Å"All of my social media were flooded with treats of rape, violence, sexual assaults, death – And you’ll notice that these treats and comments were all specifically targeting me gender.†1 As the quotation shows, the words that she has chosen are very powerful. Words like rape, violence and death are all words that have an immediate shock effect on the audience, which is truly in her favor. Another way that she communicates is with the use of humor. Multiple times throughout her speech she uses humorous words and phrases, which optimizes the relationship  between her and the receivers. In addition to the way that she engages the audience in her speech, Anita Sarkeesian also masters explicit speech techniques that help her persuade the audience. One example is a rhetorical question: â€Å"The idea being that if you were interested in the project, you could donate, and if you weren’t interested, you could choose not to donate. It’s pretty straight forward, right? I mean what could possibly go wrong? Yeah.†2 In other words, she is fully aware of that the audience knows that something will go wrong with the project; she just asks the question in order to benefit from the audience’s participation. It is small little tricks or techniques like these that help her persuade the audience. As I pointed out earlier, Anita practices pathos in her speech. This is withal not the only form of appeal that she practices. Anita also attempts to make herself a more trustworthy person and she does that by making herself appear as a strong character: â€Å"Do you wanna know what happened to my fundraiser after all that? Well first, the cyber mob failed to silence me, as is evidence of me being here today.†3 So even though cyber mobs tried to silence her, she remained strong and rose above the influence. And that definitely makes her a person to believe. But how is the issue of online harassment actually looked upon? Well, in Singapore located in Asia online harassment is looked upon with the same disgust as in America. They have likewise experienced suicidal female victims, and they are therefore ready to pass new laws against harassment on the Internet: â€Å"Victims of harassment suffer from insufficient protection and face an unclear path when seeking recourse, especially when harassment occurs or spills over to daily life. Minister for Foreign Affairs and Minister for Law, Mr K. Shanmugam, has indicated that new laws on harassment will be tabled next year.†4 Hence this quotation, it is safe to say that online harassment is not just  some local coincidence, but actually a global problem. Otherwise it is no secret to anybody, that the Internet is the fastest way to spread and share ideas, so if online harassment is not yet a problem on a worldwide scale, then it is only a matter time before it is. On the other hand, there is always another side of the case, and online harassment is no exception. Just as easy as it is to receive emails with harassing matter or even Facebook messages and tweets, just as easy is it to delete it again. Some do for that reason, and other arguments as well, share the belief that online harassment is overrated and not an actual problem like physical bullying: â€Å"Cyber bullying is overrated, there, I said it. It is not a popular viewpoint to hold, but this is how I feel about cyber bullying issues (†¦) Emails can easily be filtered, forum insults can be reported and text messages can be filtered, blocked or used to trace back to the sender. Outside of the tracing part which can be left to the parent to handle, a child can be taught how to do the rest easily.†5 Although the quotation from above is just from an online blogger and not another expert in this particular field, it is still a suitable example of how online harassment is looked upon differently. Without saying that either stance is right or wrong, Anita Sarkeesian is a living proof of online harassment of women, which is enough reason for this topic to be discussed and perhaps dealt with. Anita Sarkeesian may be a decent speaker with good persuasive techniques, but that does not change the fact that her story is true. Luckily, she had the courage and strength to overcome the online harassment that she was put through, but many girls like Amanda Todd don’t have the same fortitude. However, it is also true that emails and other online communications systems are very easy to handle, thus it is possible with the right technical knowhow to secure oneself from online harassment and even cyber mobs. Despite the different views on this topic, online harassment is an ongoing thing and it definitely deserves attention.

The Chronicles of Good Essay Topics Middle School

The Chronicles of Good Essay Topics Middle School New Step by Step Roadmap for Good Essay Topics Middle School SATs ought to be eliminated. School tests aren't powerful. School should happen in the evenings. Women ought to be fined whenever they scream. College is for a high amount of study. The 1st step you will need to concentrate on the sort of the essay. Argumentative essay is about arguing and debating on a subject, which is debatable. When you locate a topic interesting, you normally will discover that you are able to write the paper a ton simpler. There are a few great topics to take into consideration when deciding on a topic for your argumentative essay. You need opposing points that you're able to counter to your own points. To choose which subject you're likely to discuss, it's essential to see the complete collection of good persuasive speech topics from the specific area of study. You should take part in far-reaching investigating to cover all elements of this issue and all point of views by different men and women. Most themes will require some particular expertise, meaning the search for facts and statistics and extra details will take much moment. Taking into consideration that there's a wide array of topics and ideas for persuasive papers and distinct methods to create them, it frequently becomes difficult for students to pick the most relevant and intriguing topic and method to follow. Every one of the ideas above will provide you with an opportunity to reveal your creative side and capacity to talk about your opinion. There aren't any opinions. Once you comprehend the form of essay, it's time to choose a topic. It is extremely important to opt for a great topic to be able to compose a good paper. Therefore the topic isn't crucial until you're ready to gather and analyze data and create your own conclusion. Whether you're looking for good narrative essay topics or aren't certain how to decide on the most appropriate one from the list of good descriptive essay topics, make sure to examine our topics' selection as we guarantee you will definitely find something to meet your requirements. Consider what you could do in order to make your school more beautiful. Kissing in public ought to be banned Men needs to be sent to some other planet. The role of assigning an essay to middle school students is to make awareness and permit them to develop writing skills. Sometimes teachers give individual topics to every student, and at times they don't. There are lots of aspects about a sport which can be argued in an essay. While it is clear that essays are an inevitable part of college life, it's the understanding of the small essay writing tips and secrets that makes college professors satisfied. Pick a favourite sport and appear at how it developed. According to statistics, it is but one reason why most college professors decrease the last grade. Year round school isn't a good idea. Begin a list of questions which you'd love to have answered. In case you've got a private teacher with tons of hours to spare, you're set. Snow days are excellent for family quality time.

The Apocalypse Now The Lost War On Drugs - 865 Words

According to â€Å"The Apocalypse Now : The Lost War on Drugs†, the United States federal government began to become tough on â€Å"crime† especially drug offenses in the 1970’s under President Richard Nixon. Nixon stated that â€Å"drugs were public enemy #1† and that he was going to be tough on this crime. As a result, state level government began to create policies that were strict on drug offenses causing minimal sentencing for minor drug offenses. Instead of going after the root of the problem which was preventing drugs from entering the country, these laws targeting low income communities with predominantly black and Latino residents. In addition, these merciless laws were the cause of the significant amount of people, specifically men of color, in prison during the 1980’s â€Å"war on drugs† in the United States. 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